Ilkazu
Ilkazu
If you want some help with the phonetic stuff check out this.
Page Conventions
Anything in [] represents phonetics
Anything in {} represents how to write something with the English alphabet
{kh} = [x]
Nouns
Nouns are constructed as Root + Theme Vowel + Suffix
Grammatical Gender
Nouns have 3 grammatical genders each indicated by a theme vowel (v.)
| Grammatical Gender | Abbreviation | Phonetic Theme V. | Anglicised Theme V. |
| Person | (P) | [i] | {i} |
| Animate | (A) | [ɛ] | {e} |
| Inanimate | (I) | [a] | {a} |
- Stems that end in a vowel usually drop said vowel when being declined
- Proper Nouns that end in vowels drop the (v.)
- A few nouns are irregular, being either indeclinable or using a nominative ending not matching it’s grammatical gender
Grammatical Number
Nouns have 3 grammatical numbers indicated by suffix: Singular (s), Small Plural (n<5)(Paucal)(sp), Large Plural (n>5)(Greater Paucal)(lp)
Case
Nouns can fall into one of 4 cases indicated by suffix: Nominative, Dative, Accusative, and Vocative.
- Nominative: Indicates the subject of a verb
- Dative: indicates the indirect object of a verb (recipient or beneficiary of an action)
- A gave a drink to X (X is the indirect object of drink)
- Accusative: direct object of a verb
- A thought about X (X is the direct object of thought)
- Vocative: indicates direct address
- “X, where are you?” (X is the one being directly addressed)
Number/Case Suffix Chart
| Case | Singular | Small Plural | Large Plural |
| Nominative | Root Only | [s]{s} | Root + {v.} |
| Dative | [Kʌ] {ka} | [xʌ] {kha} | [bʌk] {buk} |
| Accusative | [Ki] {ki} | [xi] {khi} | [bik] {bik} |
| Vocative | [K] {k} | [xæn] {khan} | [bIl] {bil} |
Noun Examples
(I) Noun (A) Noun (P) Noun
| Ath | Athas | Atha | Kaz | Kazes | Kaze | Kelna | Kelnis | Kelni |
| Athaka | Athakha | Athabuk | Kazeka | Kazekha | Kazebuk | Kelnika | Kelnikha | Kelnibuk |
| Athaki | Athakhi | Athabik | Kazeki | Kazekhi | Kazebik | Kelniki | Kelnikhi | Kelnibik |
| Athak | Athakhan | Athabil | Kazek | Kazekhan | Kazebil | Kelnik | Kelnikahn | Kelnibil |
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
| Singular | Personal Pronouns | ||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd Person | |
| Nom | ip | Thu | Khi |
| Dat | ipal | Thual | Khal |
| Acc | ibi | Thui | Khui |
| Plural | |||
| Nom | La | Fa | Cha |
| Dat | Lazaz | Faaz | Chaaz |
| Acc | Lan | Faan | Chaan |
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive pronouns are formed by compounding the nominative personal pronoun with whatever is being owned. The object being possessed is then declined accordingly.
- Ip’kel = my leader
- Thu’na = your family
- Khi’ath = their (sg)/it’s family
- La’ath = our land
- Fa’nakhu = your faith
- Cha’ardika = their (pl) stones
Other Pronouns
This includes Demonstrative, Relative, & Indefinite
| This | |||
| Case | (I) | (A) | (P) |
| Nom. | Khana | Khene | khini |
| Dat. | Khalak | Khelek | Khinik |
| Acc. | Khath | Kheth | Khith |
| These (simple pl) | |||
| Nom. | Shas | Shes | Shis |
| Dat. | Shaf | Shef | Shif |
| Acc. | Shara | Shere | Shiri |
| That | |||
| Case | (I) | (A) | (P) |
| Nom. | paran | Peren | Pirin |
| Dat. | Palak | Pelek | Pinik |
| Acc. | Path | Peth | Pith |
| Those (simple pl) | |||
| Nom. | Vark | Verk | Virk |
| Dat. | Varaf | Veref | Virif |
| Acc. | Varsh | Versh | Vish |
| himself/herself/itself | |
| Case | (I)(A)(P) |
| Nom. | Dunukalu |
| Dat. | Dunukalu |
| Acc. | Dunukaluk |
| Themselves (sp) | |
| Nom. | Dunukus |
| Dat. | Dunukha |
| Acc. | Dunukhi |
| Themselves (lp) | |
| Nom. | Dunu |
| Dat. | Dunubuk |
| Acc. | Dunubik |
| He/She/It | |
| Case | (I)(A)(P) |
| Nom. | Du |
| Dat. | Duka |
| Acc. | Duk |
| They (sp) | |
| Nom. | Tus |
| Dat. | Tukha |
| Acc. | Tukhi |
| They (lp) | |
| Nom. | Tu |
| Dat. | Tubuk |
| Acc. | Tubik |
| who/whose/whom | |
| Case | (I)(A)(P) |
| Nom. | Puk |
| Dat. | Puka |
| Acc. | Puki |
| who/whose/whom (sp) | |
| Nom. | Pukus |
| Dat. | Pukha |
| Acc. | Pukhi |
| who/whose/whom (lp) | |
| Nom. | Puku |
| Dat. | Pukubuk |
| Acc. | Pukubik |
When being used as a demonstrative, pronouns must agree with their antecedent/postcedent in number and case.
Possession / (Pseudo-genitive)
Possession is marked through compounding the object of possession with its possessor. Word construction in this way can also indicate partitive, participation, origin, reference, description (generally in english this means anything that can be written with an {‘s} or {of})
Possession: pulas’ekath = the hunter’s knife
Partitive: di’ardik = hill of stone
Origin: koli’Kartalun = people of Kartalun
Reference:
Description:
Articles
Articles must match the number of what they are referring to; they do not distinguish between large and small plurals. Articles must immediately precede what they are referring to.
| definite | indefinite | |
| singular | Ka | Za |
| plural | Kha | Sha |
Ka di = the hill
Kha kazes = the dragons (sp)
Za dal = a city
Sha lekal’kolthi = a bunch of children
Adjectives
Adjectives can be declined to match the number and case of the noun that they describe, in this case they do not have to directly precede the noun they modify. Or the adjective can be compounded directly in front of the noun which they modify.
shep’koli = old people (lp, nom)
Pekikhi Kolthikhi = young children (sp, dat)
Comparative + Superlative
Comparative is signified with the prefix il- [iɾ]
Superlative is signified with the prefix ilan- [iɾan]
Bikash - good
Ilbikash - better
Ilanbikash - best
Nominalized adjectives
Nominalized adjectives are declined like nouns, using the theme vowel (u) [ʊ]. They usually only use the (lp) endings
Noun adjunct
Noun adjuncts (nouns modifying other nouns like adjectives) are formed with the affix (ha’) [ha]. Noun adjuncts must be compounded with the noun they modify.
Ha’ardik’di = stone hill
Verbs
(evil)
Verbs are constructed as a Tense&mood Marker ‘ Root + Person&Number&voice suffix
| Active | Passive | ||||
| person | Vowel stem | Consonant stems | Vowel Stems | Consonant Stems | |
| singular | 1st | -k | -ik | ||
| 2nd | -p | -ip | |||
| 3rd | -d | -id | |||
| SP | 1st | -kal | -ikal | ||
| 2nd | -pa | -ipa | |||
| 3rd | -dar | –idar | |||
| LP | 1st | -ka | -ika | ||
| 2nd | -pad | -ipad | |||
| 3rd | -rt | -irt | |||
| Infinitive | -nta | -anta | |||
| Participle | -ker | -iker | |||
| Mood | Tense | ||||
| Pluperfect | perfect | present | future | Future perf | |
| indicative | anan’ | an’ | in’ | er’ | eran’ |
| imperative | alal’ | al’ | inakh’ | eb’ | ebal’ |
| optative | apap’ | ap’ | ine’ | ek’ | ekap’ |
Explanations
Tenses
- Present: The present tense (The dog runs) (present tense markers are not obligatory)
- Perfect: Past tense (the dog ran)
- Pluperfect: same meaning as the word ‘had’ (the dog had ran)
- Future: Future tense (the dog will run)
- Future Perfect: Shows an action that will be completed in the future (the dog will have run)
Infinitive: the infinitive creates the ‘to’ form (to run)
Participle: In imperial draconic the Participle form acts the same as the -ing ending does in english; indicating an ongoing (progressive) action
Moods
- Subjunctive: the Subjunctive mood indicates that a sentence is something other than a statement of fact (i.e. may clauses, that clauses, commands)
- Indicative: indicates statements of fact
- Optative: indicates a ‘wish’ (‘wish’ clauses, ‘may’ clauses, ‘let’ clauses) (the ‘prayer’ tense) (also frequently used in cursing/curses)
To Be
Much like personal pronouns, the verb to be is irregular and does not differentiate between large and small plurals.
| Present | sg. | 1st | Akh |
| 2nd | Ak | ||
| 3rd | Al | ||
| pl. | 1st | Akhi | |
| 2nd | Akin | ||
| 3rd | Alan | ||
| future | sg. | 1st | Ekh |
| 2nd | Ekel | ||
| 3rd | Ekan | ||
| pl. | 1st | Ekhi | |
| 2nd | Ekhin | ||
| 3rd | Elan | ||
| Perfect | sg. | 1st | Anak |
| 2nd | Anach | ||
| 3rd | Alana | ||
| pl. | 1st | Akhar | |
| 2nd | Akar | ||
| 3rd | Akhan | ||
| infinitive | Akhant | ||
| Pluperf | anan’ak… | ||
| Future Perf | Eran’anak… |
Verb Examples
In’eskek - I lead
Eskenta - to lead
Ip ine’khilanta - I wish to run.
Ap’alan balarikhi - let us be happy / may we be happy
Sentence Structure
Sentences generally follow a Subject - Verb - Object (S-O-V) structure. However, the word order is not strict, especially in poetic or courtly writing (i.e. things from epics to chronicles). Generally it is followed when the language is spoken.